Mummy amongst cloth and artefacts in a desert, Peru :
Mummification was practiced by numerous cultures in what is now Peru, beginning more than 7,000 years ago and allowed the living to remember, and remain connected with, the dead. Some people kept mummies in their homes or brought them to festivals. Others brought offerings of food or drink to their loved ones’ graves.
Mummies such as this are found in several cemetery sites in the arid highlands of southern Peru. The extreme dryness has preserved the mummies, some of which still possess even their skin and hair. These are the remains of people who inhabited the area around 2000 years ago. Many of the cemeteries have been ransacked by grave robbers, and bones and other remains are scattered on the sand.
Chinchorro people, who lived in what is now Peru and Chile, were the world’s first practitioners of mummification, thousands of years before Egyptians. Chinchorro painted the mummies they prepared black or red and added a wig. Making a mask would have been one of the last steps of the process. The sculptor covered the dead person’s skull with clay, fashioned a nose, eyes, and mouth, and then left it to dry. The masks rarely survived intact because unbaked clay is fragile, a modern sculptor made the mask below using ancient materials and methods.
Mummies are often entombed with food, figurines, pottery, and other items for use or wear in everyday life. Smaller goods were often placed inside a mummy’s wrappings. Fine ceramics, such as this double-spouted jar with the face of a jaguar made in the Paracas culture (conventionally dated from 800 BC – 100 AD), were often buried with the mummified dead. Items like these can help archaeologists understand how ancient Peruvians lived, and what they cared about.
Thousand-year-old vessels for chicha, a beer made from corn, were buried with mummies in the ancient Chancay culture of Peru. The vessels’ figures hold out small cups, as if to offer the dead a drink. The Chancay were known to replenish cups of chicha, dishes of beans and corn, and other foods inside the tombs of their loved ones.
Researchers don’t understand the meaning of all grave goods found with mummies, such as this Nazca vessel portraying a preserved head. Once thought to be war trophies, severed heads among the Nazca (100 BC– 800 AD) were ritual objects of unknown purpose. The figure portrayed on the vessel has its mouth sewn shut with cactus spines.