In the heart of Lima, Peru, lie hidden treasures beneath the Basilica and Convent of San Francisco—the Catacombs. These ancient tunnels, built by the Franciscan order in 1549, served as the city’s cemetery during the Spanish colonial era. Forgotten for centuries, they were rediscovered in 1951 and now stand as a testament to Lima’s rich history and cultural heritage.
In 1546, the construction of the Basilica and Convent of San Francisco in Lima, Peru, began, incorporating the catacombs as an integral part of its design. These underground chambers were crafted to support the convent in case of an earthquake, a constant threat in the region. Built with careful consideration to provide stability and protection, the catacombs ensured the safety of those above ground.
During the Spanish colonial era, the catacombs served as the primary cemetery for the city of Lima. Over time, they became the final resting place for approximately 25,000 individuals, ranging from common folk to the wealthy and influential. This sacred space was meticulously used for burials until 1810, when General José de San Martín, a key figure in Peru’s fight for independence, banned its use following the Peruvians’ War of Independence. The catacombs were subsequently closed off and largely forgotten.
Rediscovered in 1951, these underground passageways offer a compelling glimpse into Lima’s rich history and cultural heritage. Today, the catacombs stand as a testament to the city’s past, preserving the memory of those who once found their eternal resting place within these hallowed grounds.
The catacombs beneath the Basilica and Convent of San Francisco are not limited to the convent grounds alone. They extend beneath Lima, connecting various landmarks such as the Government Palace, the Legislative Palace, and the Alameda de los Descalzos on the other side of the Rimac River. These interconnected tunnels served as a means of transportation and communication, linking important buildings and providing a hidden network beneath the city’s surface.
Despite attempts to map the entire complex in 1981, the true extent of the catacombs remains a mystery. The underground labyrinth extends beyond imagination, eluding comprehensive exploration and documentation. The tunnels leading to different points in the capital’s center continue to intrigue historians and archaeologists, leaving them with the daunting task of unraveling the secrets hidden within the dark recesses of the catacombs.
During explorations of the catacombs, a crypt believed to have served as an ammunition depot was uncovered. Another hypothesis suggests its connection to the Desamparados Church, built by Viceroy Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro, 10th Count of Lemons. This crypt and other chambers within the catacombs contain not only human remains but also valuable artifacts and treasures, hinting at their purpose beyond being a mere cemetery. Experts commissioned by the Peruvian State believe that the catacombs served as a means of protecting the area’s locals against piracy and safeguarding valuable possessions.
The Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, along with its catacombs, hold immense historical and cultural significance. It is considered one of the most important heritage monuments in the historic center of Lima. In recognition of its importance, UNESCO declared the Historic Center of Lima, including the San Francisco complex, a World Heritage Site on December 9, 1988. This prestigious designation solidifies the catacombs’ place in history and emphasizes the need for their preservation and protection.
In 1950, the catacombs were reopened as a museum, allowing visitors to explore this subterranean world and learn about Lima’s past. The bones of the estimated 25,000 individuals interred in the catacombs are organized into different rooms based on their type, creating a unique and thought-provoking display. Some of the bones are arranged in artistic patterns, highlighting the artistic sensibilities of the Franciscan monks who carefully laid them to rest. This juxtaposition of death and art serves as a poignant reminder of the impermanence of life and the enduring beauty of human creativity.
The forgotten catacombs of Lima stand as witnesses to the city’s rich history and cultural heritage. From their construction in the 16th century to their closure as a cemetery in the 19th century, and their rediscovery in the 20th century, these underground chambers have witnessed the ebb and flow of time. Today, they offer a glimpse into the past, allowing visitors to connect with the stories of those who came before. The catacombs of Lima beckon adventurers to explore their hidden depths, unraveling the mysteries that lie beneath the surface and preserving the memory of a bygone era.